Ask Daniel's CODEX

V4:E02:S04 - Nuts Cocoa oxalates

V4:E02:S04 - Nuts Cocoa oxalates

Exported from ChatGPT | 2024-06-01 | 11 messages

You:

Please give me a list of commonly eaten nuts ranked by their oxalate intensity, and again by health considerations like saturated fat, liver challenges, etc

ChatGPT:

```unknown import pandas as pd

Create a DataFrame to store nuts with their

oxalate content and health considerations nuts_data = { "Nut": ["Almonds", "Cashews", "Pecans", "Pistachios", "Walnuts", "Brazil Nuts", "Hazelnuts", "Macadamia Nuts"], "Oxalate_Content_mg_per_100g": [469, 49, 41, 5, 10, 6, 14, 1], "Saturated_Fat_g_per_100g": [3.8, 7.8, 6.2, 5.6, 6.1, 15.1, 4.5, 12.1], "Liver_Health_Considerations": ["Moderate", "Low", "Low", "Low", "Moderate", "High", "Low", "High"] }

nuts_df = pd.DataFrame(nuts_data)

Sort by Oxalate Content

nuts_by_oxalate = nuts_df.sort_values(by="Oxalate_Content_mg_per_100g", ascending=False)

Sort by Saturated Fat Content

nuts_by_saturated_fat = nuts_df.sort_values(by="Saturated_Fat_g_per_100g", ascending=False)

Display dataframes to user

import ace_tools as tools; tools.display_dataframe_to_user(name="Nuts Ranked by Oxalate Content", dataframe=nuts_by_oxalate) tools.display_dataframe_to_user(name="Nuts Ranked by Saturated Fat and Liver Health Considerations", dataframe=nuts_by_saturated_fat) ```

ChatGPT:

Here are the rankings of commonly eaten nuts by their oxalate content and health considerations:

Nuts Ranked by Oxalate Content

1. Almonds - 469 mg/100g
2. Cashews - 49 mg/100g
3. Pecans - 41 mg/100g
4. Hazelnuts - 14 mg/100g
5. Walnuts - 10 mg/100g
6. Brazil Nuts - 6 mg/100g
7. Pistachios - 5 mg/100g
8. Macadamia Nuts - 1 mg/100g

Nuts Ranked by Saturated Fat and Liver Health

Considerations

1. Brazil Nuts - 15.1 g/100g (High liver health considerations)
2. Macadamia Nuts - 12.1 g/100g (High liver health considerations)
3. Cashews - 7.8 g/100g (Low liver health considerations)
4. Pecans - 6.2 g/100g (Low liver health considerations)
5. Walnuts - 6.1 g/100g (Moderate liver health considerations)
6. Hazelnuts - 4.5 g/100g (Low liver health considerations)
7. Pistachios - 5.6 g/100g (Low liver health considerations)
8. Almonds - 3.8 g/100g (Moderate liver health considerations)

Like our GPT? Try our full AI-powered search engine and academic features for free at consensus.app

You:

In balancing the pros and cons for liver and kidney problems what are the best nuts to consume for a 69-year-old male with Gilbert syndrome.

ChatGPT:

``json {"query": "best nuts for liver and kidney health in elderly with Gilbert syndrome"} ``

[Tool]:

{"items":[{"paper_title":"Associations between nut intake, cognitive function and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults in the United States: NHANES 2011-14","abstract":"Background Nuts are nutrient-rich and reported to provide some cognitive and cardiometabolic health benefits, but limited studies have focused on older adults. This study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between habitual nut intake, dietary pattern and quality, cognition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults. Methods Older adults (≥ 60 years) from the NHANES 2011-12 and 2013-14 cohorts, who had complete data on cognitive function (as CERAD total, delayed recall, animal fluency and digit-symbol substitution test) and variables to calculate the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), an indicator of NAFLD, were included ( n  = 1848). Nut intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015) were determined using two 24-hour diet recalls. Participants were categorised into one of four groups based on their habitual nut intake: non-consumers (0 g/d), low intake (0.1–15.0 g/d), moderate intake (15.1–30.0 g/d) or met recommendation (> 30 g/d), with all outcomes compared between these nut intake groups. Results Cognitive scores of older adults were the lowest in non-consumers and significantly highest in the moderate intake group, with no further increase in those who consumed nuts more than 30 g/d ( p  < 0.007). FLI was the lowest among older adults with moderate nut intake but the associations disappeared after adjusting for covariates ( p  = 0.329). Moderate nut intake was also associated with better immediate and delayed memory in older adults with high risk of NAFLD (FLI ≥ 60) (B = 1.84 and 1.11, p  < 0.05 respectively). Higher nutrient intake and better diet quality ( p  < 0.001) were seen with higher nut intake but did not influence energy from saturated fat intake. Factor analysis revealed ‘Nuts and oils’ as one of the four major dietary patterns associated with better cognition and lower FLI scores. Conclusions Moderate nut intake (15.1–30.0 g/d) may be sufficient for better cognitive performance, but not NAFLD risk of older adults in the US.","paper_authors":["Sze-Yen Tan","E. Georgousopoulou","B. R. Cardoso","R. Daly","E. George"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"BMC Geriatrics","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/associations-intake-function-fatty-disease-nafld-adults-tan/35dce265ca725e3a89d65de882cf9166/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1186/s12877-021-02239-1","volume":"21","pages":"","search_result_number":1},{"paper_title":"Nuts and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Are Nuts Safe for Patients with Fatty Liver Disease?","abstract":"Diet and lifestyle interventions are the recommended treatment for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with the aim of achieving a 7–10% weight loss. Several dietary patterns have been suggested for this purpose, however, to date, the best one is represented by the Mediterranean diet (MD) as it is rich in macro- and micro- nutrients known for their effectiveness in health-promotion and cardio-vascular disease prevention. Moreover, MD is characterized by the inclusion of nuts. These foods have shown potential benefits in health-promotion as they are rich in fibers, which have lipid-lowering effects, rich in mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which help reduce insulin-resistance and serum cholesterol, and contain anti-oxidants which reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, nuts are associated with a better control, or reduction, of Body Mass Index (BMI). All these effects are useful targets to achieve in NAFLD, so that nuts have been proposed as a suitable dietary treatment supplement for weight and metabolic control in these patients. In recent years, health authorities raised an alert on nuts consumption as these may be at high risk of aflatoxin (AF) contamination, for which controls and legislations are different among countries. AF is a well-known cancerogenic agent and a recognized risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients with NAFLD have an overall, inherent sevenfold increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma as compared with the general population. In this context, one could argue that recommending the inclusion of nuts in the diet of NAFLD patients has to be balanced with the risk of potential chronic exposure to AF, and every effort should be pursued to assure the safety of these nutrients. In this review, we aim to summarize the benefits of nuts consumption, the evidence for AF contamination of nuts and the consequent potential risks in patients with NAFLD.","paper_authors":["M. C. Plaz Torres","G. Bodini","M. Furnari","E. Marabotto","P. Zentilin","E. Giannini"],"paper_publish_year":2020,"publication_journal_name":"Nutrients","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/nuts-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nuts-safe-patients-torres/3ea5ee628d7b5d3d8062c09cfbcbf956/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/nu12113363","volume":"12","pages":"","search_result_number":2},{"paper_title":"Nut consumption and age-related disease.","abstract":"Current knowledge on the effects of nut consumption on human health has rapidly increased in recent years and it now appears that nuts may play a role in the prevention of chronic age-related diseases. Frequent nut consumption has been associated with better metabolic status, decreased body weight as well as lower body weight gain over time and thus reduce the risk of obesity. The effect of nuts on glucose metabolism, blood lipids, and blood pressure is still controversial. However, significant decreased cardiovascular risk has been reported in a number of observational and clinical intervention studies. Thus, findings from cohort studies show that increased nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality (especially that due to cardiovascular-related causes). Similarly, nut consumption has been also associated with reduced risk of certain cancers, such as colorectal, endometrial, and pancreatic neoplasms. Evidence regarding nut consumption and neurological or psychiatric disorders is scarce, but a number of studies suggest significant protective effects against depression, mild cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanisms appear to include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, particularly related to their mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, as well as vitamin and polyphenol content). MUFA have been demonstrated to improve pancreatic beta-cell function and regulation of postprandial glycemia and insulin sensitivity. PUFA may act on the central nervous system protecting neuronal and cell-signaling function and maintenance. The fiber and mineral content of nuts may also confer health benefits. Nuts therefore show promise as useful adjuvants to prevent, delay or ameliorate a number of chronic conditions in older people. Their association with decreased mortality suggests a potential in reducing disease burden, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cognitive impairments.","paper_authors":["G. Grosso","R. Estruch"],"paper_publish_year":2016,"publication_journal_name":"Maturitas","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/consumption-agerelated-disease-grosso/f1f462ad1ccb5f3f9ed0b4f020929f80/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.10.014","volume":"84","pages":"\n 11-6\n ","search_result_number":3},{"paper_title":"Safety and Efficacy of Using Nuts to Improve Bowel Health in Hemodialysis Patients.","abstract":"OBJECTIVE\nConstipation is common in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Nondrug strategies to manage constipation are challenging because of dietary potassium, phosphate, and fluid restrictions. Nuts are a high-fiber food but are excluded from the diet because of the high potassium and phosphate content. The aim of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of using nuts to improve constipation in adults undertaking hemodialysis (HD).\n\n\nDESIGN AND METHODS\nAdult patients undertaking HD were recruited to this nonrandomized, 10-week repeated measures, within-subject, pragmatic clinical trial, conducted in two HD units. The intervention consisted of consumption of 40g of raw almonds daily for four weeks, followed by a two-week washout and four-week control period. The primary safety outcome measures were change in predialysis serum potassium and phosphate levels. The primary efficacy outcome was reduction in constipation, measured using the Bristol Stool Form Scale and Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS-S) renal symptom score. Secondary outcomes included quality of life, selected uremic toxins, cognition, gut microbiota profile, and symptom burden.\n\n\nRESULTS\nTwenty patients completed the trial (median age: 67 [interquartile range: 57.5-77.8] years, 51% male). After controlling for dialysis adequacy, anuria, dietary intake, bicarbonate, and parathyroid hormone, there were no statistically significant changes in serum potassium (P = 0.21) or phosphate (P = 0.16) associated with daily consumption of almonds. However, statistically significant improvements in constipation were seen at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 10. There were statistically significant improvements in quality of life (P = 0.030), overall symptom burden (P = 0.002), vomiting (P = 0.020), itching (P = 0.006), and skin changes (P = 0.002).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nDaily consumption of almonds for four weeks was safe, effective, and well tolerated. Improvements in quality of life and symptom burden warrant further research to elucidate potential mechanisms. The findings support the potential reinclusion of foods such as nuts into the diet of patients who underwent HD.","paper_authors":["K. Lambert","Luke Bird","Addison Borst","A. Fuller","Yanan Wang","G. Rogers","J. Stanford","M. Sanderson-Smith","Jonathan G. Williams","B. McWhinney","E. Neale","Y. Probst","Maureen Lonergan"],"paper_publish_year":2020,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/safety-efficacy-using-nuts-improve-bowel-health-lambert/39463784c78f5d338825fe524b7fe96a/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2019.10.002","volume":"","pages":"","search_result_number":4},{"paper_title":"Habitual Nut Exposure, Assessed by Dietary and Multiple Urinary Metabolomic Markers, and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: The InCHIANTI Study.","abstract":"SCOPE\nWe prospectively evaluated the association between self-reported dietary intake and urinary metabolomic markers of habitual nut exposure with cognitive decline over a 3-year follow-up in an older Italian population.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nWe selected 119 older participants, from the InCHIANTI cohort based on self referred nut intake: the non-nut consumer (n = 72) and the regular nut consumer (≥2.9 g/d, n = 47) groups. Nut exposure was measured at baseline either with the use of a validated food frequency questionnaire or with an HPLC-Q-ToF-MS metabolomic approach. Three years after, 28 from non-consumers group and 10 from consumers group experienced cognitive decline. Dietary nut exposure was characterized by urinary metabolites of polyphenols and fatty acids pathways. Nut consumption estimated either by the dietary marker or by the urinary marker model was in both cases associated with less cognitive decline (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.61,0.99; P = 0.043 and OR: 0.995, 95% CI: 0.991,0.999; P = 0.016, respectively) with AUCs 73.2 (95% CI: 62.9,83.6) and 73.1 (62.5,83.7), respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nA high intake of nuts may protect older adults from cognitive decline. The use of a panel of metabolites provides accurate and complementary information of the nut exposure and reinforces the results obtained using dietary information. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","paper_authors":["Montserrat Rabassa","R. Zamora-Ros","M. Palau-Rodriguez","S. Tulipani","A. Miñarro","S. Bandinelli","L. Ferrucci","A. Cherubini","C. Andrés-Lacueva"],"paper_publish_year":2019,"publication_journal_name":"Molecular nutrition & food research","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/exposure-assessed-dietary-multiple-urinary-metabolomic-rabassa/b17387845a04557e95dda8cf91321fcc/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201900532","volume":"","pages":"\n e1900532\n ","search_result_number":5},{"paper_title":"Nut consumption and the prevalence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","abstract":"Background Nut consumption has been associated with reduced inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. However, the influence on the prevalence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has yet to be evaluated. Methods 4655 subjects were included as part of a colorectal carcinoma screening program (SAKKOPI) between 07/2010 and 07/2019 and analyzed 2020. Patients were characterized using biochemical and metabolic parameters, as well as a detailed questionnaire on dietary habits. The diagnosis of NAFLD was established using abdominal ultrasound. Consumption of nuts was graded as: no consumption or <1 time/week, 1–6 times/week, 1 time/day and ≥2 times/day. Results Mean age was 58.5±9.8years with a mean BMI of 26.5±4.7kg/m2. 2058 (44.2%) patients suffered from the metabolic syndrome, 2407 (51.6%) had arterial hypertension, 2287 (49.1%) showed prediabetes/diabetes, 1854 (39.4%) had dyslipidemia and 1984 patients (43.5%) were diagnosed with NAFLD. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (1219 [48.7%] vs. 605 [40.2%] vs. 189 [37.4%] vs. 45 [31.7%], p<0.001) and NALFD (1184 [48.1%] vs. 594 [40.7%] vs. 158 [31.7%] vs. 48 [34.0%], p<0.001). On multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for potential confounders and dietary patterns, nut consumption ≥1time/day was inversely associated with NAFLD in the overall cohort (adjusted Odds ratio[aOR]: 0.719 [95%CI:0.558–0.926], p = 0.011). However, following subgroup analysis, this inverse association was only confirmed in male patients (aOR: 0.589 [95%CI: 0.411–0.844], p = 0.004) but not in females (aOR: 0.886 [95%CI: 0.616–1.275], p = 0.515). Moreover, patients who consumed nuts 1–6 times/week had a significantly lower prevalence of advanced fibrosis (Fib-4 score >2.67: aOR: 0.551 [95%CI: 0.338–0.898], p = 0.017; Forns-Index >6.9: aOR: 0.585 [95%CI: 0.402–0.850], p = 0.005). Conclusions Nut consumption might exert beneficial effects on the prevalence of NAFLD in males. The negative association with advanced fibrosis warrants further investigation.","paper_authors":["G. Semmler","S. Bachmayer","S. Wernly","B. Wernly","D. Niederseer","U. Huber-Schönauer","F. Stickel","E. Aigner","C. Datz"],"paper_publish_year":2020,"publication_journal_name":"PLoS ONE","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/consumption-prevalence-severity-fatty-disease-semmler/146a876187a858fb88aedb3c2b041fd0/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0244514","volume":"15","pages":"","search_result_number":6},{"paper_title":"Health Benefits of Nut Consumption in Middle-Aged and Elderly Population","abstract":"Aging is considered the major risk factor for most chronic disorders. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are two major contributors for cellular senescence, downregulation of stress response pathways with a decrease of protective cellular activity and accumulation of cellular damage, leading in time to age-related diseases. This review investigated the most recent clinical trials and cohort studies published in the last ten years, which presented the influence of tree nut and peanut antioxidant diets in preventing or delaying age-related diseases in middle-aged and elderly subjects (≥55 years old). Tree nut and peanut ingestion has the possibility to influence blood lipid count, biochemical and anthropometric parameters, endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers, thereby positively affecting cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality, cancers, and cognitive disorders, mainly through the nuts’ healthy lipid profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of actions. Clinical evidence and scientific findings demonstrate the importance of diets characterized by a high intake of nuts and emphasize their potential in preventing age-related diseases, validating the addition of tree nuts and peanuts in the diet of older adults. Therefore, increased consumption of bioactive antioxidant compounds from nuts clearly impacts many risk factors related to aging and can extend health span and lifespan.","paper_authors":["Marius Emil Rusu","A. Mocan","I. Ferreira","D. Popa"],"paper_publish_year":2019,"publication_journal_name":"Antioxidants","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/health-benefits-consumption-middleaged-elderly-rusu/9100e45aef045b6591f291b5a54af8ce/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/antiox8080302","volume":"8","pages":"","search_result_number":7},{"paper_title":"Intake of Nuts and Seeds Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in US Adults: Findings from 2005-2018 NHANES.","abstract":"BACKGROUND\nNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease globally. Nuts and seeds, due to their unique nutrient composition, may provide health benefits for the prevention of NAFLD. To date, no research has investigated the association between nut and seed intake and NAFLD prevalence in a non-Mediterranean Western population.\n\n\nOBJECTIVES\nThis study aimed to explore the association between nut and seed intake with NAFLD and metabolic biomarkers in a US representative sample.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis cross-sectional study used data from 25,360 adults involved in the 2005-2018 NHANES, including adults (aged ≥18 y) with negative serology for hepatitis B and C and nonexcessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD was assessed using the fatty liver index (FLI); metabolic biomarkers were also assessed; nut and seed intake was evaluated from two 24-h dietary recalls. ANOVA and Poisson regression were used to establish the relation between nut and seed intake categories and NAFLD prevalence.\n\n\nRESULTS\nNut and seed consumption was associated with a reduced prevalence of NAFLD. In females, in the fully adjusted model, this was significant across all nut and seed consumption categories but was most prominent in the moderate consumption group (7%, 15%, and 14% risk reduction in low, moderate, and adequate consumption categories, respectively, compared with nonconsumers). In males, moderate intake of nuts and seeds demonstrated a significantly lower prevalence of NAFLD (9%) compared with nonconsumers.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nDaily consumption for nuts and seeds was associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD in non-Mediterranean, US adults, although the benefits seem to be greater in females across all categories of nut and seed consumption groups compared with nonconsumers. Both males and females presented with lower prevalence of NAFLD with intakes of 15-30 g/d.","paper_authors":["B. R. Cardoso","Sze-Yen Tan","R. Daly","J. D. Via","E. Georgousopoulou","E. George"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"The Journal of nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/intake-nuts-seeds-associated-lower-prevalence-cardoso/56239c0d83955b2b82de7e6d118b4459/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxab253","volume":"","pages":"","search_result_number":8},{"paper_title":"Can Nuts Mitigate Malnutrition in Older Adults? A Conceptual Framework","abstract":"The proportion of adults aged over 60 years in the world is expected to reach 20% by the year 2050. Ageing is associated with several physiological changes that increase the risk of malnutrition among this population. Malnutrition is characterized by deficiencies or insufficiencies of macro- and micronutrients. Malnutrition has detrimental effects on the health, wellbeing, and quality of life in older adults. Nuts are rich in energy, unsaturated fats, and protein, as well as other nutrients that provide a range of health benefits. While the effects of nuts on overnutrition have been studied extensively, very few studies have been specifically designed to understand the role of nuts in mitigating undernutrition in the elderly. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of nuts in improving the nutritional status of older adults who are at risk of undernutrition. Several properties of whole nuts, some of which appear important for addressing overnutrition, (e.g., hardness, lower-than-expected nutrient availability, satiety-enhancing effects) may limit their effectiveness as a food to combat undernutrition. However, we propose that modifications such as transforming the physical form of nuts, addressing the timing of nut ingestion, and introducing variety may overcome these barriers. This review also discusses the feasibility of using nuts to prevent and reverse undernutrition among older adults. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct clinical studies in the future to test this conceptual framework.","paper_authors":["Sze-Yen Tan","S. L. Tey","R. Brown"],"paper_publish_year":2018,"publication_journal_name":"Nutrients","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/nuts-mitigate-malnutrition-older-adults-conceptual-tan/4db18d4b7c1c5d86a43512c96f7e9521/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/nu10101448","volume":"10","pages":"","search_result_number":9},{"paper_title":"Effects of one serving of mixed nuts on serum lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome.","abstract":"BACKGROUND AND AIMS\nKnowledge of the effect of nut consumption on metabolic syndrome (MetS) components is limited. We assessed the effects of nut intake on adiposity, serum lipids, insulin resistance, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with MetS.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nIn a randomized, parallel-group, 12-week feeding trial, 50 patients with MetS were given recommendations for a healthy diet with or without supplementation with 30 g/day of raw nuts (15 g walnuts, 7.5 g almonds and 7.5 g hazelnuts) (Nut and Control diet groups, respectively). Adiposity measures, serum lipids, insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other inflammatory biomarkers, and 48-h fecal fat were determined basally and at study's completion. Moderate weight loss, decreased adiposity, and lower blood pressure occurred similarly after both diets. The Control, but not the Nut diet, was associated with significant (P<0.05) reduction of LDL-cholesterol, with mean changes of -0.36 versus -0.13 mmol/L, respectively (between-group differences, P=0.154). The Nut diet reduced fasting insulin by 2.60 μU/mL (95% CI, -4.62 to -0.59) and HOMA-insulin resistance by 0.72 (-1.28 to -0.16) (P<0.05 versus Control diet; both). Among inflammatory markers, the Nut diet resulted in changes of median plasma IL-6 of -1.1 ng/L (-2.7 to -0.1; P=0.035 versus Control diet), but adjustment for weight loss attenuated the significance of the association. Stool fat decreased with the Control diet and slightly increased with the Nut diet (P<0.05 for between-group differences).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nPatients with MetS show decreased lipid responsiveness but improved insulin sensitivity after daily intake of 30 g of mixed nuts.","paper_authors":["P. Casas-Agustench","P. López-Uriarte","M. Bulló","E. Ros","J. Cabré-Vila","J. Salas‐Salvadó","J. Salas‐Salvadó"],"paper_publish_year":2011,"publication_journal_name":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effects-serving-nuts-lipids-insulin-resistance-markers-casasagustench/43b51e8e6a98545a9428ee3fc0857c7c/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2009.08.005","volume":"21 2","pages":"\n 126-35\n ","search_result_number":10},{"paper_title":"Health Benefits of Nut Consumption","abstract":"Nuts (tree nuts and peanuts) are nutrient dense foods with complex matrices rich in unsaturated fatty and other bioactive compounds: high-quality vegetable protein, fiber, minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to beneficially impact health outcomes. Epidemiologic studies have associated nut consumption with a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease and gallstones in both genders and diabetes in women. Limited evidence also suggests beneficial effects on hypertension, cancer, and inflammation. Interventional studies consistently show that nut intake has a cholesterol-lowering effect, even in the context of healthy diets, and there is emerging evidence of beneficial effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular reactivity. Blood pressure, visceral adiposity and the metabolic syndrome also appear to be positively influenced by nut consumption. Thus it is clear that nuts have a beneficial impact on many cardiovascular risk factors. Contrary to expectations, epidemiologic studies and clinical trials suggest that regular nut consumption is unlikely to contribute to obesity and may even help in weight loss. Safety concerns are limited to the infrequent occurrence of nut allergy in children. In conclusion, nuts are nutrient rich foods with wide-ranging cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, which can be readily incorporated into healthy diets.","paper_authors":["E. Ros"],"paper_publish_year":2010,"publication_journal_name":"Nutrients","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/health-benefits-consumption-ros/0398ae353e37555b941f358682008f31/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/nu2070652","volume":"2","pages":"652 - 682","search_result_number":11},{"paper_title":"Anti-aging potential of tree nuts with a focus on the phytochemical composition, molecular mechanisms and thermal stability of major bioactive compounds.","abstract":"Tree nuts, complete functional foods, contain macro- and micronutrients of high biological value. These bioactive compounds have a synergistic effect in preventing and delaying many age-related pathologies (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, certain types of cancer, and several neurodegenerative diseases). Tree nuts are low in carbohydrates, but they abound in healthy fatty acids, in optimal proportion for a good plasma lipid profile, and are a good source of proteins, rich in proteinogenic amino acids. They contain significant amounts of vitamin E, minerals, polyphenols, and phytosterols. Polyphenols, which are powerful phytochemicals, act as direct and indirect antioxidants, reduce the inflammatory response, improve proteostasis and mitochondrial biogenesis, modulate many cell signaling pathways, have a major role in cytoprotection, are Nrf2/ARE activators, down-regulate the NFκB system, promote anticancer potential, and prevent cell senescence. Some of them have senolytic effects, interfere in specific cell signaling pathways modulated by caloric restriction, and protect against UV radiation and photoaging. Moreover, tree nuts are good prebiotics and improve gut microbiota. The stability of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity can be influenced by cooking techniques, temperature of storage, and post-harvest processing methods. The consumption of tree nuts has been scientifically proven to improve lifespan and healthspan and should be a part of a healthy diet in the elderly.","paper_authors":["Marius Emil Rusu","A. Gheldiu","A. Mocan","L. Vlase","D. Popa"],"paper_publish_year":2018,"publication_journal_name":"Food & function","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/antiaging-tree-nuts-focus-composition-mechanisms-rusu/56e014e03d9b57f4a72b3bf99fa90ebc/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1039/c7fo01967j","volume":"9 5","pages":"\n 2554-2575\n ","search_result_number":12},{"paper_title":"The Regular Consumption of Nuts Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Older People from the North of Spain","abstract":"Background: The aim of this study was to relate the adherence to nut consumption (30 g) three or more days per week to the prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an elderly population from the north of Spain. Methods: The study consists of an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study conducted in 556 non-institutionalised individuals between 65 and 79 years of age. To define the consumption recommendation of nuts the indication of the questionnaire MEDAS-14 was followed. The diagnosis of MetS was conducted using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Results: In 264 subjects aged 71.9 (SD: ±4.2) years old, 39% of whom were men, the adherence to nut consumption recommendations was 40.2%. Of these individuals, 79.5% had abdominal obesity. The prevalence of MetS was 40.2%, being 47.6% in men and 35.4% in women (p < 0.05). A nut consumption lower than recommended was associated with a 19% higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (Prevalence Ratio: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.03−1.37; p < 0.05) and a 61% higher prevalence of MetS (Prevalence Ratio: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.16−2.25; p = 0.005) compared to a consumption of ≥3 servings per week. Conclusion: An inverse relationship was established between nut consumption and the prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome.","paper_authors":["Gloria Cubas-Basterrechea","I. Elío","Sandra Sumalla-Cano","Silvia Aparicio-Obregón","Carolina Gonzalez-Anton","P. Muñoz-Cacho"],"paper_publish_year":2022,"publication_journal_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/consumption-nuts-associated-lower-prevalence-abdominal-cubasbasterrechea/a4caff04583b5fb09968cb3008d1da7d/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19031256","volume":"19","pages":"","search_result_number":13},{"paper_title":"Prospective Association Between Nut Consumption and Physical Function in Older Men and Women.","abstract":"BACKGROUND\nThe beneficial effect of nut consumption preventing cardio-metabolic diseases and cancer suggests that nuts might also protect from physical function impairment in older people since aging-related functional decline shares biological pathways with these chronic diseases. The objective was to examine the association between nut consumption and impairment of physical function in older adults.\n\n\nMETHODS\nProspective study with 3,289 individuals aged ≥60 years from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort. In 2008-2010 and 2012 nut consumption was measured with a validated diet history. Participants were followed-up until 2015 to ascertain incident impaired physical function, specifically impaired agility, mobility, grip strength, gait speed, and overall physical function. Statistical analyses were performed with Cox regression and adjusted for the main confounders, including a wide set of socioeconomic, lifestyle, dietary, and morbidity variables.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOverall, 65.7% of participants consumed any type of nuts. The mean intake among nut consumers was 15.1 g/d in men and 14.6 g/d in women. Median consumption of nuts was 11.5 g/d in both sexes. Men consuming ≥11.5 g/d of nuts had a lower risk of impaired agility and mobility than those who did not consume nuts; the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval (CI); p for linear trend) were 0.59 (0.39-0.90; p = .01) and 0.50 (0.29-0.90; p = .02), respectively. In women, compared with nonconsumers, the hazard ratio (95% CI; p for linear trend) of impaired overall physical function for nut intake ≥11.5 g/d was 0.65 (0.48-0.87; p = .004). No association was observed between nut consumption and low grip strength and slow gait speed.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nNut consumption was associated with half the risk of impaired agility and mobility in men and with a lower risk of overall physical function impairment in women. The suggested protective effect of nut consumption on physical functioning merits further examination.","paper_authors":["Lucía Arias-Fernández","M. D. Machado-Fragua","A. Graciani","P. Guallar-Castillón","J. Banegas","F. Rodríguez‐Artalejo","A. Lana","E. López-García"],"paper_publish_year":2018,"publication_journal_name":"The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/association-between-consumption-physical-function-older-ariasfernández/240485551d3e5a4b819c4cbba413f774/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1093/gerona/gly171","volume":"74 7","pages":"\n 1091-1097\n ","search_result_number":14},{"paper_title":"Nuts in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.","abstract":"Nuts are rich in many bioactive compounds that can exert beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. We reviewed the evidence relating nut consumption and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. Nuts reduce the postprandial glycemic response; however, long-term trials of nuts on insulin resistance and glycemic control in diabetic individuals are inconsistent. Epidemiologic studies have shown that nuts may lower the risk of diabetes incidence in women. Few studies have assessed the association between nuts and abdominal obesity, although an inverse association with body mass index and general obesity has been observed. Limited evidence suggests that nuts have a protective effect on blood pressure and endothelial function. Nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect, but the relation between nuts and hypertriglyceridemia and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not well established. A recent pooled analysis of clinical trials showed that nuts are inversely related to triglyceride concentrations only in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. An inverse association was found between the frequency of nut consumption and the prevalence and the incidence of MetS. Several trials evaluated the effect of nuts on subjects with MetS and found that they may have benefits in some components. Compared with a low-fat diet, a Mediterranean diet enriched with nuts could be beneficial for MetS management. The protective effects on metabolism could be explained by the modulation of inflammation and oxidation. Further trials are needed to clarify the role of nuts in MetS prevention and treatment.","paper_authors":["J. Salas‐Salvadó","M. Guasch-Ferré","M. Bulló","J. Sabaté"],"paper_publish_year":2014,"publication_journal_name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/nuts-prevention-treatment-syndrome-salas‐salvadó/ee55861ffd2f54fb9b32c05c8c193940/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.113.071530","volume":"100 Suppl 1","pages":"\n 399S-407S\n ","search_result_number":15},{"paper_title":"Nuts and Older Adults’ Health: A Narrative Review","abstract":"Although the beneficial effects of nuts on cardiometabolic diseases have been well established, little is known about the effects of nuts on age-related diseases. Given that age-related diseases share many biological pathways with cardiometabolic diseases, it is plausible that diets rich in nuts might be beneficial in ameliorating age-related conditions. The objective of this review was to summarise the findings from studies that have examined the associations or effects of nut consumption, either alone or as part of the dietary pattern, on three major age-related factors—telomere length, sarcopenia, and cognitive function—in older adults. Overall, the currently available evidence suggests that nut consumption, particularly when consumed as part of a healthy diet or over a prolonged period, is associated with positive outcomes such as longer telomere length, reduced risk of sarcopenia, and better cognition in older adults. Future studies that are interventional, long-term, and adequately powered are required to draw definitive conclusions on the effects of nut consumption on age-related diseases, in order to inform dietary recommendations to incorporate nuts into the habitual diet of older adults.","paper_authors":["Sze-Yen Tan","S. L. Tey","R. Brown"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/nuts-older-adults-health-narrative-review-tan/2ebf7f3f837a59c4b781f80d06e20e9e/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18041848","volume":"18","pages":"","search_result_number":16},{"paper_title":"Lifestyle counseling and supplementation with flaxseed or walnuts influence the management of metabolic syndrome.","abstract":"A healthy lifestyle may ameliorate metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, it remains unclear if incorporating nuts or seeds into lifestyle counseling (LC) has additional benefit. A 3-arm, randomized, controlled trial was conducted among 283 participants screened for MetS using the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans. Participants were assigned to a LC on the AHA guidelines, LC + flaxseed (30 g/d) (LCF), or LC + walnuts (30 g/d) (LCW) group. After the 12-wk intervention, the prevalence of MetS decreased significantly in all groups: -16.9% (LC), -20.2% (LCF), and -16.0% (LCW). The reversion rate of MetS, i.e. those no longer meeting the MetS criteria at 12 wk, was not significantly different among groups (LC group, 21.1%; LCF group, 26.6%; and LCW group, 25.5%). However, the reversion rate of central obesity was higher in the LCF (19.2%; P = 0.008) and LCW (16.0%; P = 0.04) groups than in the LC group (6.3%). Most of the metabolic variables (weight, waist circumference, serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein (Apo) B, ApoE, and blood pressure) were significantly reduced from baseline in all 3 groups. However, the severity of MetS, presented as the mean count of MetS components, was significantly reduced in the LCW group compared with the LC group among participants with confirmed MetS at baseline (P = 0.045). Our results suggest that a low-intensity lifestyle education program is effective in MetS management. Flaxseed and walnut supplementation may ameliorate central obesity. Further studies with larger sample sizes and of longer duration are needed to examine the role of these foods in the prevention and management of MetS.","paper_authors":["Hongyu Wu","A. Pan","Z. Yu","Q. Qi","Ling Lu","Geng Zhang","Danxia Yu","G. Zong","Yunhua Zhou","Xiafei Chen","Lixin Tang","Ying Feng","Hong Zhou","Xiaolei Chen","Huaixing Li","W. Demark-Wahnefried","F. Hu","Xu Lin"],"paper_publish_year":2010,"publication_journal_name":"The Journal of nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/counseling-supplementation-flaxseed-walnuts-influence-wu/063a20d1632757e2ab4aeafe150ad187/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3945/jn.110.126300","volume":"140 11","pages":"\n 1937-42\n ","search_result_number":17},{"paper_title":"Long-term intake of nuts in relation to cognitive function in older women","abstract":"ObjectiveNuts contain nutrients that may benefit brain health; thus, we examined long-term intake of nuts in relation to cognition in older women.DesignPopulation-based prospective cohort study.SettingAcademic research using data from the Nurses’ Health Study.ParticipantsNut intake was assessed in a food-frequency questionnaire beginning inl980, and approximately every four years thereafter. Between 1995–2001, 16,010 women age 70 or older (mean age = 74 years) without a history of stroke were administered 4 repeated telephone-based cognitive interviews over 6 years. Our final sample included 15,467 women who completed an initial cognitive interview and had complete information on nut intake.Main Outcome MeasuresThe Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), a global score averaging the results of all tests (TICS, immediate and delayed verbal recall, category fluency, and attention), and a verbal memory score averaging the results of tests of verbal recall.ResultsIn multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, higher long-term total nut intake was associated with better average cognitive status for all cognitive outcomes. For the global composite score combining all tests, women consuming at least 5 servings of nuts/week had higher scores than non-consumers (mean difference=0.08 standard units, 95% confidence interval 0.00–0.15; p-trend=0.003). This mean difference of 0.08 is equivalent to the mean difference we find between women 2 years apart in age. Long-term intake of nuts was not associated with rates of cognitive decline.ConclusionsHigher nut intake may be related to better overall cognition at older ages, and could be an easily-modifiable public health intervention.","paper_authors":["J. O’Brien","Jacqueline O'Brien","O. Okereke","O. Okereke","E. Devore","B. Rosner","B. Rosner","M. Breteler","M. Breteler","F. Grodstein","F. Grodstein"],"paper_publish_year":2014,"publication_journal_name":"The journal of nutrition, health & aging","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/longterm-intake-nuts-relation-function-women-o’brien/41dc09ce059c5e378fc0b0de542aef29/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1007/s12603-014-0014-6","volume":"18","pages":"496-502","search_result_number":18},{"paper_title":"Nut Consumption and Effects on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mortality in the United States","abstract":"Background: Nuts have been found to have beneficial effects on some diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, in several studies. However, there are few studies to show the effects of nuts on chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, we conducted this study to examine the association between the consumption frequency of nuts and the prevalence and mortality of CKD among adults in the USA. Methods: We analyzed data from 6,072 individuals (aged ≥20 years) who participated in the NHANES 2003–2006 following the scheduled procedure. Data on death were provided by the CDC. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between nut consumption frequency and the prevalence of CKD. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between nut consumption frequency and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the CKD and non-CKD populations. Results: Consuming nuts 1–6 times per week was associated with a lower prevalence of CKD (model 3: OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.91). In addition, higher nut consumption was significantly associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the non-CKD population. For the CKD population, a consistently significant inverse association could be seen between consuming nuts 1–6 per week and all-cause mortality (model 3: HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47–0.86). No groups showed a significant difference in cardiovascular mortality compared with the reference in the full model. Conclusion: We recommend the CKD population to have an adequate intake of nuts 1–6 times per week, while the consumption frequency can be more flexible for the non-CKD. Further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm this conclusion.","paper_authors":["Koushu Wang","Duo Qian","Yuncan Hu","Yi-chun Cheng","S. Ge","Ying Yao"],"paper_publish_year":2022,"publication_journal_name":"American Journal of Nephrology","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/consumption-effects-chronic-kidney-disease-mortality-wang/a3f2efbbdca95f6bb93945f4852934fa/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1159/000524382","volume":"53","pages":"503 - 512","search_result_number":19},{"paper_title":"Risks and Benefits of Increased Nut Consumption: Cardiovascular Health Benefits Outweigh the Burden of Carcinogenic Effects Attributed to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure","abstract":"Nuts are rich in nutrients and mounting evidence shows that consumption reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence. Nuts may also be a major source of aflatoxin B1, a potent liver carcinogen and the risk/benefit balance is unknown. Based on national statistics and data from the PREDIMED intervention trial, we estimated the potential CVD-reduction if Swedes aged 55–79 consumed 30 g nuts/day, instead of the current national average of five grams per day. We also assessed the reduction in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. We estimated the aflatoxin B1 exposure from nuts and calculated the margin of exposure. The approximation that one nanogram aflatoxin B1/kg body weight/day results in one additional liver cancer case/10 million person-years was used to estimate the number of liver cancer cases. The increased nut consumption scenario prevented more than 7000 CVDs in 2013 (306/100,000 person-years) and contributed to about 55,000 saved DALYs for stroke and 22,000 for MI. The concomitant increase in aflatoxin B1 exposure caused an estimated zero to three additional cases of liver cancer, corresponding to 159 DALYs spent, emphasizing the associated risks. Increased nut consumption, as part of a varied healthy diet, is warranted even when aflatoxin B1 exposure is taken into account. However, efforts to reduce aflatoxin exposure from food are essential.","paper_authors":["Hanna Eneroth","S. Wallin","K. Leander","Johan Nilsson Sommar","A. Åkesson"],"paper_publish_year":2017,"publication_journal_name":"Nutrients","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/risks-benefits-increased-consumption-cardiovascular-eneroth/526aa5aa4c0e527c8a9603e028dda2ee/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3390/nu9121355","volume":"9","pages":"","search_result_number":20}]}

ChatGPT:

When balancing the pros and cons for liver and kidney problems for a 69-year-old male with Gilbert syndrome, the selection of nuts should consider both oxalate content and overall health benefits, particularly regarding liver health. Here are some insights from recent research:

Best Nuts for Liver and Kidney Health

1. Walnuts

- Liver Health: Walnuts are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and have been associated with improved liver function and a reduced prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Plaz Torres et al., 2020). - Kidney Health: Walnuts have a moderate oxalate content (10 mg/100g), making them a safer choice for kidney health compared to nuts like almonds.

1. Hazelnuts

- Liver Health: Hazelnuts have beneficial effects on liver health due to their high antioxidant content, which helps reduce oxidative stress and inflammation (Rusu et al., 2018). - Kidney Health: They also have a relatively low oxalate content (14 mg/100g).

1. Pistachios

- Liver Health: Pistachios are associated with better metabolic profiles and reduced liver fat, which is beneficial for patients with liver issues (Cardoso et al., 2021). - Kidney Health: Pistachios have very low oxalate content (5 mg/100g), making them an excellent choice for kidney health.

1. Almonds

- Liver Health: Almonds have been shown to improve liver enzyme levels and reduce liver fat, but their high oxalate content (469 mg/100g) makes them less ideal for those with kidney concerns (Lambert et al., 2020).

Conclusion

For a 69-year-old male with Gilbert syndrome, walnuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios are the best choices. They provide significant health benefits for liver function while maintaining a lower risk for kidney problems due to their moderate to low oxalate content.

Like our GPT? Try our full AI-powered search engine and academic features for free at consensus.app.

You:

​how does cocoa powder and 85% chocolate bars match up on liver and kidney stress and health compared to the nuts?

ChatGPT:

``json {"query": "impact of cocoa powder and 85% chocolate on liver and kidney health"} ``

[Tool]:

{"items":[{"paper_title":"Biochemical effectiveness of cocoa powder on electrolytes homeostasis, liver and cardiac specific enzymes and renal function.","abstract":"Cocoa beans are main ingredient of chocolate, cakes, cookies and coffee. Cocoa have health benefits effects, previously reported. This study was designed to evaluate the health effects of cocoa powder on different biochemical parameters. For this purpose 12 Male Albino Wistar rats were divided in to 2 groups (n = 6). Group I remain healthy control rats; Group II received cocoa powder at a dose of (1 g/kg b.w.) for 21 consecutive days orally. Biochemical analysis was evaluated by electrolytes homeostasis, liver specific enzymes, kidney markers and LDH cardiac specific enzyme. The cocoa-treated rats showed decreased intraerythrocytes potassium, increased Na -K -ATPase, decreased direct bilirubin, increased plasma potassium, + + increased ALT level. Decreased mean body weight was observed. No mortality and sign of toxicity was observed at this dose. Considerable changes were observed in biochemical parameters after chronic administration of cocoa powder.","paper_authors":["S. Noori","Humaira Zafar","T. Mahboob"],"paper_publish_year":2009,"publication_journal_name":"Pakistan Journal of Nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/biochemical-effectiveness-cocoa-powder-electrolytes-noori/ac40350070105c71b96291170423b680/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3923/PJN.2009.882.886","volume":"8","pages":"882-886","search_result_number":1},{"paper_title":"Effects of cocoa powder on oxidant/antioxidant status in liver, heart and kidney tissues of rats.","abstract":"The aim of study was to asses the oxidative status in terms of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in different tissues of orally administered cocoa-treated rats. For this purpose 12 Male Albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups; each group consists of 6 rats. Group I remain untreated, comprises healthy rats. Group II received cocoa powder (1g/kg b.w.) orally for 21 consecutive days. Oxidative status was evaluated by Catalase, GSH, SOD, MDA and 4-HNE, in Liver, Heart and Kidney tissues. The cocoa-treated rats showed significantly increased level of GSH in liver and heart tissue, Catalase in liver and heart, SOD in liver, MDA in liver, similarly decreased level of GSH in kidney tissue, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in liver and heart tissues. Body weight was decreased. No mortality was observed at this dose. The results explain the beneficial antioxidant effects and reveal that cocoa powder enhanced the antioxidant enzymes level in liver and heart tissues while no remarkable changes was observed in kidney tissue.","paper_authors":["S. Noori","K. Nasir","T. Mahboob"],"paper_publish_year":2009,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effects-cocoa-powder-oxidantantioxidant-status-liver-noori/f0ea9c7544d45ef7b8fa74088a2038e1/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"","volume":"19","pages":"174-178","search_result_number":2},{"paper_title":"Dietary Cocoa Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Increases Markers of Antioxidant Response and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in High Fat-Fed Mice.","abstract":"Cocoa powder, derived Theobroma cacao, is a popular food ingredient that is commonly consumed in chocolate. Epidemiological and human intervention studies have reported that chocolate consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Laboratory studies have reported the dietary supplementation with cocoa or cocoa polyphenols can improve obesity and obesity-related comorbidities in preclinical models. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one such comorbidity, is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Limited studies have examined the effect of cocoa/chocolate on NAFLD and underlying hepatoprotective mechanisms. Here, we examined the hepatoprotective effects of dietary supplementation with 80 mg/g cocoa powder for 10 wks in high fat (HF)-fed obese male C57BL/6J mice. We found that cocoa-supplemented mice had lower rate of body weight gain (22%), hepatic triacylglycerols (28%), lipid peroxides (57%), and mitochondrial DNA damage (75%) than HF-fed controls. These changes were associated with higher hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and increased expression of markers of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis. We also found that the hepatic protein expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g coactivator (PGC) 1a, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and forkhead box O3 were higher in cocoa-treated mice compared to HF-fed controls. These factors play a role in coordinating mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of mitochondrial antioxidant response factors. Our results indicate that cocoa supplementation can mitigate the severity of NAFLD in obese mice and that these effects are related to SIRT3/PGC1a-mediated increases in antioxidant response and mitochondrial biogenesis.","paper_authors":["Mingyao Sun","Yeyi Gu","Shannon L Glisan","J. Lambert"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/dietary-cocoa-ameliorates-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-sun/1e274e765e0351158e995a428dc59f34/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108618","volume":"","pages":"\n 108618\n ","search_result_number":3},{"paper_title":"Flavanol-Enriched Cocoa Powder Alters the Intestinal Microbiota, Tissue and Fluid Metabolite Profiles, and Intestinal Gene Expression in Pigs.","abstract":"BACKGROUND\nConsumption of cocoa-derived polyphenols has been associated with several health benefits; however, their effects on the intestinal microbiome and related features of host intestinal health are not adequately understood.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of eating flavanol-enriched cocoa powder on the composition of the gut microbiota, tissue metabolite profiles, and intestinal immune status.\n\n\nMETHODS\nMale pigs (5 mo old, 28 kg mean body weight) were supplemented with 0, 2.5, 10, or 20 g flavanol-enriched cocoa powder/d for 27 d. Metabolites in serum, urine, the proximal colon contents, liver, and adipose tissue; bacterial abundance in the intestinal contents and feces; and intestinal tissue gene expression of inflammatory markers and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were then determined.\n\n\nRESULTS\nO-methyl-epicatechin-glucuronide conjugates dose-dependently increased (P< 0.01) in the urine (35- to 204-fold), serum (6- to 186-fold), and adipose tissue (34- to 1144-fold) of pigs fed cocoa powder. The concentration of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid isomers in urine decreased as the dose of cocoa powder fed to pigs increased (75-85%,P< 0.05). Compared with the unsupplemented pigs, the abundance ofLactobacillusspecies was greater in the feces (7-fold,P= 0.005) and that ofBifidobacteriumspecies was greater in the proximal colon contents (9-fold,P= 0.01) in pigs fed only 20 or 10 g cocoa powder/d, respectively. Moreover, consumption of cocoa powder reducedTLR9gene expression in ileal Peyer's patches (67-80%,P< 0.05) and mesenteric lymph nodes (43-71%,P< 0.05) of pigs fed 2.5-20 g cocoa powder/d compared with pigs not supplemented with cocoa powder.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThis study demonstrates that consumption of cocoa powder by pigs can contribute to gut health by enhancing the abundance ofLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumspecies and modulating markers of localized intestinal immunity.","paper_authors":["Saebyeol Jang","Jianghao Sun","Pei Chen","Sukla Lakshman","Aleksey Molokin","J. Harnly","B. Vinyard","J. Urban","C. Davis","G. Solano-Aguilar"],"paper_publish_year":2015,"publication_journal_name":"The Journal of nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/flavanolenriched-cocoa-powder-alters-intestinal-jang/c0f1ac51f81d5234ab3a39fc973930a6/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3945/jn.115.222968","volume":"146 4","pages":"\n 673-80\n ","search_result_number":4},{"paper_title":"The effect of chocolate drink to hepatosomatic index of diabetes mellitus induced rat","abstract":"Chocolate (Theobroma cacao) is one of the foods that contain a high antioxidant level. The effect of polyphenol compounds in cocoa beans and the chocolate products is the potential to be developed into healthy chocolate drink products. The cocoa powder has a high ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) value (80,933). This indicates that the cocoa powder has the ability to prevent the free radicals harm, including contributing to the heart organ repairing. The study was conducted using an experimental research method with a randomized design. Twenty-five male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) Sprangue Dawley strain were divided into five treatment groups. Negative control (P-) consists of normal rats without chocolate drink treatment. Positive control (P+) consists of diabetes mellitus rats without chocolate drink treatment. Treatment 1 (P1) consists of diabetes mellitus rats treated with 2% of chocolate drink. Treatment 2 (P2) consist of diabetic rats treated with 4 % chocolate drink. Treatment 3 (P3) consists of diabetes mellitus rats treated with 6% chocolate drink. The intervention was carried for 14 days then a wet weight of liver organ was measured. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) level then analyze to show the effect. The Hepatosomatic index value are: P- = 3,79 ± 0,40; P+ = 4,66 ± 0,21; P1 = 4,41 ± 0,30 P2 = 4,45 ± 0,35 and P3 = 4,28 ± 0,58. The ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference in the hepatosomatic index value in each treatment group (p = 0.15).","paper_authors":["P. Ratri","A. Yulianti","A. Restuti"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effect-chocolate-drink-index-diabetes-mellitus-induced-ratri/372ea48866a45c548ec08273b60659d4/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/672/1/012074","volume":"672","pages":"","search_result_number":5},{"paper_title":"Dietary Cocoa Powder Improves Hyperlipidemia and Reduces Atherosclerosis in apoE Deficient Mice through the Inhibition of Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","abstract":"Cocoa powder is rich in flavonoids, which have many beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the intake of cocoa powder has any influence on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis and examine the underlying molecular mechanisms. We fed apoE knockout mice a Western diet supplemented with either 0.2% (low group) or 2% (high group) cocoa powder for 12 weeks. The groups fed dietary cocoa powder showed a significant reduction in both plasma cholesterol levels and aortic atherosclerosis compared to the control group. Analysis of mRNA profiling of aortic atherosclerotic lesions revealed that the expression of several genes related to apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation was significantly reduced, while the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 was significantly increased in the cocoa powder group compared to the control. RT-PCR analysis along with Western blotting revealed that a diet containing cocoa powder inhibited the expression of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress. These data suggest that cocoa powder intake improves hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, and such beneficial effects are possibly mediated through the suppression of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress.","paper_authors":["Hua Guan","Yan Lin","Liang Bai","Yingfeng An","Jianan Shang","Zhao Wang","Sihai Zhao","Jianglin Fan","Enqi Liu"],"paper_publish_year":2016,"publication_journal_name":"Mediators of Inflammation","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/dietary-cocoa-powder-improves-hyperlipidemia-reduces-guan/b3473a5cf5485545b48fe4df3e69d653/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1155/2016/1937572","volume":"2016","pages":"","search_result_number":6},{"paper_title":"Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans.","abstract":"Cocoa powder is rich in polyphenols and, thus, may contribute to the reduction of lipid peroxidation. Our aim was to study the effects of long-term ingestion of chocolate, with differing amounts of polyphenols, on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation ex vivo and in vivo. We conducted a 3 week clinical supplementation trial of 45 nonsmoking, healthy volunteers. Participants consumed 75 g daily of either white chocolate (white chocolate, WC group), dark chocolate (dark chocolate, DC group), or dark chocolate enriched with cocoa polyphenols (high-polyphenol chocolate, HPC group). In the DC and HPC groups, an increase in serum HDL cholesterol was observed (11.4% and 13.7%, respectively), whereas in the WC group there was a small decrease (-2.9%, p < 0.001). The concentration of serum LDL diene conjugates, a marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo, decreased 11.9% in all three study groups. No changes were seen in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, in the oxidation susceptibility of serum lipids or VLDL + LDL, or in the concentration of plasma F2-isoprostanes or hydroxy fatty acids. Cocoa polyphenols may increase the concentration of HDL cholesterol, whereas chocolate fatty acids may modify the fatty acid composition of LDL and make it more resistant to oxidative damage.","paper_authors":["J. Mursu","S. Voutilainen","T. Nurmi","T. Rissanen","J. Virtanen","J. Kaikkonen","K. Nyyssönen","J. Salonen"],"paper_publish_year":2004,"publication_journal_name":"Free radical biology & medicine","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/dark-chocolate-consumption-increases-cholesterol-mursu/44d7f3d369aa5288a9c0316b0634d7bd/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2004.06.002","volume":"37 9","pages":"\n 1351-9\n ","search_result_number":7},{"paper_title":"Cocoa intake attenuates renal injury in Zucker Diabetic fatty rats by improving glucose homeostasis.","abstract":"Glucotoxicity (high levels of glucose) is a major factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Cocoa has anti-diabetic effects by lowering glucose levels. However, whether cocoa exerts beneficial effects on the renal cortex glucose homeostasis and the molecular mechanisms responsible for this possible protective activity remain largely unknown. Thus, the potential anti-diabetic properties of cocoa on insulin signalling, glucose transporters and gluconeogenic enzymes were evaluated in the renal cortex of Zucker Diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Male ZDF rats were fed a control or cocoa-rich diet (10%), and Zucker Lean animals received the control diet. ZDF rats supplemented with cocoa (ZDF-Co) showed decreased body weight gain, glucose and insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and structural alterations in renal cortex. Moreover, cocoa-rich diet ameliorated insulin resistance by reverting decreased tyrosine-phosphorylated-insulin receptor levels and by preventing the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3/glycogen synthase pathway (GSK-3/GS) in the renal cortex of ZDF-Co rats. Cocoa antihyperglycaemic effect also appeared to be mediated through the diminution of phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2), and glucose-transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels in ZDF-Co rat's renal cortex. These findings demonstrate that cocoa alleviates renal injury by contributing to maintain the glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic ZDF rats.","paper_authors":["David Álvarez-Cilleros","E. López-Oliva","L. Goya","M. Martín","S. Ramos"],"paper_publish_year":2019,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/cocoa-intake-attenuates-injury-zucker-diabetic-fatty-rats-álvarezcilleros/3fbd72b4e27c5307b8be608cda163fa3/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.002","volume":"127","pages":"\n 101-109\n ","search_result_number":8},{"paper_title":"Chocolate and chocolate constituents influence bone health and osteoporosis risk.","abstract":"Bone loss resulting in increased risk for osteoporosis is a major health issue worldwide. Chocolate is a rich source of antioxidant and antiinflammatory flavonoids and dietary minerals with the potential to benefit bone health. However, other chocolate constituents such as cocoa butter, sugar, and methylxanthines may be detrimental to bone. Human studies investigating the role of chocolate consumption on serum bone markers and bone mineral density (BMD) have been inconsistent. A contributing factor is likely the different composition and thereby the nutrient and bioactive content among chocolate types. White and milk chocolate are high in sugar and low in flavonoids and most minerals. Dark chocolate (45-85% cocoa solids) is high in flavonoids, most minerals, and low in sugar with ≥70% cocoa solids resulting in higher fat and methylxanthine content. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between chocolate consumption and its constiuents, including flavonoid content, on bone health and osteoporosis risk. Studies showed postmenopausal women had no bone effects at moderate chocolate intakes, whereas adolescents consuming chocolate had greater longitudinal bone growth. Based on flavonoid and mineral content, unsweetened cocoa powder appeared to be the best option followed by dark chocolate with higher cocoa content in terms of supporting and preserving bone health. Determining dietary recommendations for chocolate consumption relative to bone health is important because of the growing popularity of chocolate, particularly dark chocolate, and an expected increase in consumption owing to suggestions of health benefits against various degenerative diseases.","paper_authors":["Stephanie A Seem","Y. V. Yuan","J. Tou"],"paper_publish_year":2019,"publication_journal_name":"Nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/chocolate-chocolate-constituents-influence-bone-health-seem/0db4f95842a452c3a4e5041472bc0718/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/J.NUT.2019.02.011","volume":"65","pages":"\n 74-84\n ","search_result_number":9},{"paper_title":"Effect of dark chocolate on renal tissue oxygenation as measured by BOLD-MRI in healthy volunteers.","abstract":"BACKGROUND\nCocoa is rich in flavonoids, has anti-oxidative properties and increases the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). Adequate renal tissue oxygenation is crucial for the maintenance of renal function. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of cocoa-rich dark chocolate (DC) on renal tissue oxygenation in humans, as compared to flavonoid-poor white chocolate (WC).\n\n\nMETHODS\nTen healthy volunteers with preserved kidney function (mean age ± SD 35 ± 12 years, 70% women, BMI 21 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) before and 2 hours after the ingestion of 1 g/kg of DC (70% cocoa). Renal tissue oxygenation was determined by the measurement of R2 maps on 4 coronal slices covering both kidneys. The mean R2 (= 1/T2) values in the medulla and cortex were calculated, a low R2 indicating high tissue oxygenation. Eight participants also underwent BOLD-MRI at least 1 week later, before and 2 hours after the intake of 1 g/kg WC.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe mean medullary R2 was lower after DC intake compared to baseline (28.2 ± 1.3 s-1 vs. 29.6 ± 1.3 s-1, p = 0.04), whereas cortical and medullary R2 values did not change after WC intake. The change in medullary R2 correlated with the level of circulating (epi)catechines, metabolites of flavonoids (r = 0.74, p = 0.037), and was independent of plasma renin activity.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThis study suggests for the first time an increase of renal medullary oxygenation after intake of dark chocolate. Whether this is linked to flavonoid-induced changes in renal perfusion or oxygen consumption, and whether cocoa has potentially renoprotective properties, merits further study.","paper_authors":["M. Pruijm","L. Hofmann","Julie Charollais-Thoenig","V. Forni","M. Maillard","A. Coristine","M. Stuber","M. Burnier","B. Vogt"],"paper_publish_year":2013,"publication_journal_name":"Clinical nephrology","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effect-dark-chocolate-tissue-oxygenation-measured-pruijm/0efb31fe4a325569ade9f21ad4aad78d/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.5414/CN107897","volume":"80 3","pages":"\n 211-7\n ","search_result_number":10},{"paper_title":"A diet rich in cocoa attenuates N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver injury in rats.","abstract":"The effects of cocoa feeding against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)-induced liver injury were studied in rats. Animals were divided into five groups. Groups 1 and 2 were fed with standard and cocoa-diet, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were injected with DEN at 2 and 4 weeks, and fed with standard and cocoa-diet, respectively. Group 5 was treated with DEN, received the standard diet for 4 weeks and then it was replaced by the cocoa-diet. DEN-induced hepatic damage caused a significant increase in damage markers, as well as a decrease in the hepatic glutathione, diminished levels of p-ERK and enhanced protein carbonyl content, caspase-3 activity and values of p-AKT and p-JNK. The cocoa-rich diet prevented the reduction of hepatic glutathione concentration and catalase and GPx activities in DEN-injected rats, as well as diminished protein carbonyl content, caspase-3 activity, p-AKT and p-JNK levels, and increased GST activity. However, cocoa administration did not abrogate the DEN-induced body weight loss and the increased levels of hepatic-specific enzymes and LDH. These results suggested that cocoa-rich diet attenuates the DEN-induced liver injury.","paper_authors":["Ana B Granado-Serrano","M. Martín","L. Bravo","L. Goya","S. Ramos"],"paper_publish_year":2009,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/cocoa-attenuates-nnitrosodiethylamineinduced-injury-granadoserrano/64a7eb6fd7db5f1eb160996461030aab/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.007","volume":"47 10","pages":"\n 2499-506\n ","search_result_number":11},{"paper_title":"Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans.","abstract":"BACKGROUND\nFlavonoids are polyphenolic compounds of plant origin with antioxidant effects. Flavonoids inhibit LDL oxidation and reduce thrombotic tendency in vitro. Little is known about how cocoa powder and dark chocolate, rich sources of polyphenols, affect these cardiovascular disease risk factors.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nWe evaluated the effects of a diet high in cocoa powder and dark chocolate (CP-DC diet) on LDL oxidative susceptibility, serum total antioxidant capacity, and urinary prostaglandin concentrations.\n\n\nDESIGN\nWe conducted a randomized, 2-period, crossover study in 23 healthy subjects fed 2 diets: an average American diet (AAD) controlled for fiber, caffeine, and theobromine and an AAD supplemented with 22 g cocoa powder and 16 g dark chocolate (CP-DC diet), providing approximately 466 mg procyanidins/d.\n\n\nRESULTS\nLDL oxidation lag time was approximately 8% greater (P = 0.01) after the CP-DC diet than after the AAD. Serum total antioxidant capacity measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity was approximately 4% greater (P = 0.04) after the CP-DC diet than after the AAD and was positively correlated with LDL oxidation lag time (r = 0.32, P = 0.03). HDL cholesterol was 4% greater after the CP-DC diet (P = 0.02) than after the AAD; however, LDL-HDL ratios were not significantly different. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of thromboxane B(2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1)(alpha) and the ratio of the 2 compounds were not significantly different between the 2 diets.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nCocoa powder and dark chocolate may favorably affect cardiovascular disease risk status by modestly reducing LDL oxidation susceptibility, increasing serum total antioxidant capacity and HDL-cholesterol concentrations, and not adversely affecting prostaglandins.","paper_authors":["Ying Wan","J. Vinson","T. Etherton","J. Proch","S. Lazarus","P. Kris-Etherton"],"paper_publish_year":2001,"publication_journal_name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effects-cocoa-powder-dark-chocolate-susceptibility-wan/e504f1a2ac005539a9cc251a330cf8e1/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/74.5.596","volume":"74 5","pages":"\n 596-602\n ","search_result_number":12},{"paper_title":"The sweet side of dark chocolate for chronic kidney disease patients.","abstract":"Chocolate is a widely appreciated foodstuff with historical appreciation as a food from the gods. In addition to its highly palatable taste, it is a rich source of (poly)phenolics, which have several proposed salutogenic effects, including neuroprotective anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cardioprotective capabilities. Despite the known benefits of this ancient foodstuff, there is a paucity of information on the effects of chocolate in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review focusses on the potential salutogenic contribution of chocolate intake, to mitigate inflammatory and oxidative burden in CKD, its potential, for cardiovascular protection and on the maintenance of diversity in gut microbiota, as well as clinical perspectives, on regular chocolate intake by CKD patients.","paper_authors":["S. Fanton","L. Cardozo","E. Combet","P. Shiels","P. Stenvinkel","I. Vieira","Humberto Rebello Narciso","Jerry Schmitz","D. Mafra"],"paper_publish_year":2020,"publication_journal_name":"Clinical nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/side-dark-chocolate-kidney-disease-patients-fanton/d041c204e5e95a669b78cc141c21972d/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.039","volume":"","pages":"","search_result_number":13},{"paper_title":"Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans.","abstract":"BACKGROUND\nCocoa powder is rich in polyphenols such as catechins and procyanidins and has been shown in various models to inhibit LDL oxidation and atherogenesis.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nWe examined whether long-term intake of cocoa powder alters plasma lipid profiles in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic human subjects.\n\n\nDESIGN\nTwenty-five subjects were randomly assigned to ingest either 12 g sugar/d (control group) or 26 g cocoa powder and 12 g sugar/d (cocoa group) for 12 wk. Blood samples were collected before the study and 12 wk after intake of the test drinks. Plasma lipids, LDL oxidative susceptibility, and urinary oxidative stress markers were measured.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAt 12 wk, we measured a 9% prolongation from baseline levels in the lag time of LDL oxidation in the cocoa group. This prolongation in the cocoa group was significantly greater than the reduction measured in the control group (-13%). A significantly greater increase in plasma HDL cholesterol (24%) was observed in the cocoa group than in the control group (5%). A negative correlation was observed between plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL. At 12 wk, there was a 24% reduction in dityrosine from baseline concentrations in the cocoa group. This reduction in the cocoa group was significantly greater than the reduction in the control group (-1%).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nIt is possible that increases in HDL-cholesterol concentrations may contribute to the suppression of LDL oxidation and that polyphenolic substances derived from cocoa powder may contribute to an elevation in HDL cholesterol.","paper_authors":["S. Baba","N. Osakabe","Y. Kato","M. Natsume","A. Yasuda","T. Kido","Kumiko Fukuda","Y. Muto","K. Kondo"],"paper_publish_year":2007,"publication_journal_name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/intake-compounds-containing-cocoa-powder-reduces-baba/d4d08bf97aa15628a03199af0f9a16b4/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/85.3.709","volume":"85 3","pages":"\n 709-17\n ","search_result_number":14},{"paper_title":"Impact of encapsulating probiotics with cocoa powder on the viability of probiotics during chocolate processing, storage, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.","abstract":"Chocolates can be formulated as a functional food via enrichment with probiotics. However, the added probiotics must overcome the challenges of processing and storage conditions and the harsh gastrointestinal environment. The study aimed to overcome these challenges using two different formulations of cocoa powder as alternative encapsulants along with Na-alginate (A1 ) and Na-alginate and fructooligosaccharides (A2 ). Seven different probiotic strains were encapsulated individually using the new formulations and viabilities of these encapsulated probiotics were assessed prior to and after they were added to chocolates. The highest achieved encapsulation efficiencies were 93.40% for formulation A1 (with Lactobacillus casei) and 95.36% for formulation A2 (with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5). The encapsulated probiotics with the new formulations maintained higher viability than the recommended therapeutic level (107 colony forming unit [CFU]/g) for up to 180 and 120 days of storage at 4 and 25 °C, respectively. The tested encapsulants improved probiotics survival when subjected to thermal stress and maintained about 9.0 Logs CFU/g at 60 °C. Additionally, the viable numbers of probiotics in fortified chocolates showed higher than 7 Logs CFU/g after 90 days of storage at 25 °C. Both formulations exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) high survivability of probiotics (8.0 Logs CFU/g) during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. This study demonstrated that cocoa powder along with Na-alginate and FOS has the potential to be used as a probiotic encapsulating material, and chocolates could be an excellent carrier for the development of healthy probiotic chocolate products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The introduction of cocoa powder as an effective encapsulating agent to deliver probiotics could help the chocolate industry to develop healthy and attractive functional snacks for health-conscious consumers.","paper_authors":["Md Nur Hossain","C. Ranadheera","Z. Fang","S. Ajlouni"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of food science","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/impact-encapsulating-probiotics-powder-viability-hossain/646565b4488050ce82cf6715b3fb3019/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.15695","volume":"","pages":"","search_result_number":15},{"paper_title":"Effects of chocolate supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in ApoE3L mice fed a high-cholesterol atherogenic diet.","abstract":"SCOPE\nDietary intake of cocoa and/or chocolate has been suggested to exhibit protective cardiovascular effects although this is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chocolate supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular parameters.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nFour groups of ApoE3Leiden mice were exposed to the following diet regimens. Group 1: cholesterol-free control diet (CO). Group 2: high-dose (1.0% w/w) control cholesterol (CC). Group 3: CC supplemented chocolate A (CCA) and Group 4: CC supplemented chocolate B (CCB). Both chocolates differed in polyphenol and fiber content, CCA had a relatively high-polyphenol and low-fiber content compared to CCB. Mice fed a high-cholesterol diet showed increased plasma-cholesterol and developed atherosclerosis. Both chocolate treatments, particularly CCA, further increased plasma-cholesterol and increased atherosclerotic plaque formation. Moreover, compared to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, both chocolate-treated groups displayed increased liver injury. Mice on high-cholesterol diet had elevated plasma levels of sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and SAA, which was further increased in the CCB group. Similar effects were observed for renal inflammation markers.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe two chocolate preparations showed unfavorable, but different effects on cardiometabolic health in E3L mice, which dissimilarities may be related to differences in chocolate composition. We conclude that discrepancies reported on the effects of chocolate on cardiometabolic health may at least partly be due to differences in chocolate composition.","paper_authors":["G. K. Yakala","P. Wielinga","M. Suárez","A. Bunschoten","J. V. van Golde","L. Arola","J. Keijer","R. Kleemann","T. Kooistra","P. Heeringa"],"paper_publish_year":2013,"publication_journal_name":"Molecular nutrition & food research","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effects-chocolate-supplementation-parameters-apoe3l-yakala/6579680c9146536c9a34b96871aac6aa/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201200858","volume":"57 11","pages":"\n 2039-48\n ","search_result_number":16},{"paper_title":"The effects of dark chocolate consumption on lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, liver enzymes, inflammation, and antioxidant status in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study","abstract":"Background : Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important health problem in the world and despite the rising prevalence, there is currently no satisfying therapeutic strategy for curing NAFLD. Dark chocolate (DC) is a food rich in phenolic antioxidants, which may exert favorable and modifying effects on lipid profile, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and metabolic effects. This study aims to investigate the possible effects of DC consumption on the lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), liver transaminases (ALT, and AST), inflammatory, and antioxidant status in NAFLD patients. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 42 patients with NAFLD were randomly allocated to 2 groups: the treatment group (n=21) whom received 30 gr dark chocolate (83%) daily and the control group (n=21), for a 12 weeks period. Results: During the intervention, taking 30 gr DC (83%) daily resulted in a significant decrease in AST (P=0.012), body weight (P=0.027), and BMI (P=0.042) in the treatment group. In addition, patients who received DC had considerable changes in serum HDL ( P = 0.044). However, no significant changes occurred in serum levels of ALT, hs-CRP, anthropometric measures (WC, HC, and WHR), and grades of NAFLD in both groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: DC consumption can decrease the level of AST in patients with NAFLD and could be a potential therapeutic approach. We recommend more investigation about potential therapeutic effects of dark chocolate to be further clarified.","paper_authors":["P. Alavinejad","F. Farsi","A. Rezazadeh","M. Mahmoodi","E. Hajiani","A. Masjedizadeh","S. Mard","N. Neisi","H. Hoseini","Elham Karimi Moghaddam","Mh Haghighi Zadeh"],"paper_publish_year":2015,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology research","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effects-chocolate-consumption-profile-fasting-blood-alavinejad/3134ece5e9205eab892895de9ce68053/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2015.04.589","volume":"4","pages":"1858-1864","search_result_number":17},{"paper_title":"Dietary cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice","abstract":"PurposeTo investigate the effect of cocoa powder supplementation on obesity-related inflammation in high fat (HF)-fed obese mice.MethodsMale C57BL/6J (n = 126) were fed with either low-fat (LF, 10 % kcal from fat) or HF (60 % kcal from fat) diet for 18 weeks. After 8 weeks, mice from HF group were randomized to HF diet or HF diet supplemented with 8 % cocoa powder (HF–HFC group) for 10 weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses.ResultsCocoa powder supplementation significantly reduced the rate of body weight gain (15.8 %) and increased fecal lipid content (55.2 %) compared to HF-fed control mice. Further, cocoa supplementation attenuated insulin resistance, as indicated by improved HOMA-IR, and reduced the severity of obesity-related fatty liver disease (decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase and liver triglyceride) compared to HF group. Cocoa supplementation also significantly decreased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6, 30.4 %), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, 25.2 %), and increased adiponectin (33.7 %) compared to HF-fed mice. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes (Il6, Il12b, Nos2, and Emr1) in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) was significantly reduced (37–56 %) in the cocoa-supplemented mice.ConclusionsDietary supplementation with cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease in HF-fed obese mice, principally through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression in WAT. These effects appear to be mediated in part by a modulation of dietary fat absorption and inhibition of macrophage infiltration in WAT.","paper_authors":["Yeyi Gu","Shan Yu","J. Lambert"],"paper_publish_year":2014,"publication_journal_name":"European Journal of Nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/dietary-cocoa-ameliorates-obesityrelated-inflammation-gu/c8b0679669725ab28280c74dc0d22f06/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1007/s00394-013-0510-1","volume":"53","pages":"149-158","search_result_number":18},{"paper_title":"Cocoa and human health.","abstract":"Cocoa is a dry, powdered, nonfat component product prepared from the seeds of the Theobroma cacao L. tree and is a common ingredient of many food products, particularly chocolate. Nutritionally, cocoa contains biologically active substances that may affect human health: flavonoids (epicatechin and oligomeric procyanidins), theobromine, and magnesium. Theobromine and epicatechin are absorbed efficiently in the small intestine, and the nature of their conjugates and metabolites are now known. Oligomeric procyanidins are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, but catabolites are very efficiently absorbed after microbial biotransformation in the colon. A significant number of studies, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, on the effects of cocoa and its constituent flavonoids have been conducted. Most human intervention studies have been performed on cocoa as an ingredient, whereas many in vitro studies have been performed on individual components. Approximately 70 human intervention studies have been carried out on cocoa and cocoa-containing products over the past 12 years, with a variety of endpoints. These studies indicate that the most robust biomarkers affected are endothelial function, blood pressure, and cholesterol level. Mechanistically, supporting evidence shows that epicatechin affects nitric oxide synthesis and breakdown (via inhibition of nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide phosphate oxidase) and the substrate arginine (via inhibition of arginase), among other targets. Evidence further supports cocoa as a biologically active ingredient with potential benefits on biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease. However, the calorie and sugar content of chocolate and its contribution to the total diet should be taken into account in intervention studies.","paper_authors":["S. Ellam","G. Williamson"],"paper_publish_year":2013,"publication_journal_name":"Annual review of nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/cocoa-health-ellam/cd8e3590683359f0a8ab1a243feda016/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150642","volume":"33","pages":"\n 105-28\n ","search_result_number":19},{"paper_title":"Cocoa extract protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in the rat.","abstract":"Oxidants have been shown to be involved in alcohol-induced liver injury. This study was designed to determine whether cocoa flavonoid extract, composed mostly of epicatechin and epicatechin oligomers, protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed high-fat liquid diets with or without ethanol (10-14 g/kg per day) and cocoa extract (400 mg/kg per day) continuously for 4 weeks using an enteral feeding protocol. Mean body weight gains ( approximately 4 g/day) were not significantly different between treatment groups. Cocoa extract did not affect average daily urine ethanol concentrations ( approximately 200mg/dL). After 4 weeks, serum alanine amino transferase levels of the ethanol group were increased nearly fourfold (110+/-16 IU/L) compared to control values (35+/-3 IU/L); this effect of ethanol was blocked by cocoa extract (60+/-6 IU/L). Additionally, enteral ethanol caused severe fat accumulation, mild inflammation, and necrosis in the liver; cocoa extract significantly blunted these changes. Increases in liver TNFalpha protein levels caused by ethanol were completely blocked by cocoa extract. Further, ethanol significantly increased the accumulation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation serving as an index of oxidative stress; again this was counteracted by the addition of cocoa extract. These results indicate that dietary flavanols such as those found in cocoa can prevent early alcohol-induced liver injury.","paper_authors":["S. McKim","Akira Konno","E. Gäbele","T. Uesugi","Mathias Froh","H. Sies","R. Thurman","G. Arteel"],"paper_publish_year":2002,"publication_journal_name":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/cocoa-protects-early-alcoholinduced-injury-mckim/1ee46c971e4458c784ec64f895af36c8/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00425-3","volume":"406 1","pages":"\n 40-6\n ","search_result_number":20}]}

ChatGPT:

Comparison of Cocoa Powder and 85% Dark Chocolate vs.

Nuts for Liver and Kidney Health

Cocoa Powder and 85% Dark Chocolate

1. Liver Health

- Positive Effects: - Cocoa powder and dark chocolate have antioxidant properties that can reduce liver fat and improve liver enzyme levels, which is beneficial for conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Sun et al., 2021). - Cocoa has been shown to enhance antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and reduce oxidative stress (Noori et al., 2009). - Dark chocolate can decrease liver enzyme levels (AST) and body weight in NAFLD patients, indicating potential therapeutic benefits (Alavinejad et al., 2015). - Negative Effects: - High intake of cocoa might increase plasma ALT levels, although no significant toxicity was observed at moderate doses (Noori et al., 2009). - Continuous high intake of certain chocolate types can contribute to liver injury due to increased cholesterol and atherosclerosis (Yakala et al., 2013).

1. Kidney Health

- Positive Effects: - Cocoa consumption can improve renal tissue oxygenation and reduce the risk of renal injury in diabetic conditions (Pruijm et al., 2013). - Cocoa has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidneys, providing protective benefits (Álvarez-Cilleros et al., 2019). - Negative Effects: - Limited data suggests potential renal inflammation from certain chocolate types, but more studies are needed to confirm these effects (Yakala et al., 2013).

Nuts

1. Liver Health

- Positive Effects: - Nuts like walnuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios are beneficial for liver health, reducing the risk of NAFLD and improving liver function markers (Plaz Torres et al., 2020), (Cardoso et al., 2021). - These nuts are rich in antioxidants and healthy fats, which help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver. - Negative Effects: - Consumption needs to be moderate, as high amounts of some nuts can lead to excessive calorie intake and potential liver strain.

1. Kidney Health

- Positive Effects: - Nuts generally have lower oxalate levels than other foods, making them a safer choice for kidney health, especially walnuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios (Lambert et al., 2020). - They provide beneficial nutrients that support overall kidney function without significant adverse effects. - Negative Effects: - High oxalate nuts like almonds should be limited to avoid kidney stone risks.

Conclusion

For liver and kidney health, moderate consumption of walnuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios remains beneficial due to their balanced nutrient profile and low oxalate content. Cocoa powder and 85% dark chocolate also offer significant health benefits due to their antioxidant properties, but should be consumed in moderation to avoid potential adverse effects on the liver, particularly if combined with high cholesterol intake.

Like our GPT? Try our full AI-powered search engine and academic features for free at consensus.app.

Ask Daniel's CODEX